Adlerian theory: November 2011

Alfred Adler
Alfred Adler
Born	*February 7, 1870* *Rudolfsheim near Vienna,Austria-Hungary (nowRudolfsheim-Fünfhaus, Vienna,Austria)*
Died	*May 28, 1937 (aged 67)* *Aberdeen, Scotland*
Residence	*Austria*
Nationality	*Austrian*
Ethnicity	*Jewish*
Occupation	*Psychotherapist, psychiatrist*
Known for	*Individual Psychology*
Spouse	*Raissa Epstein*

Born on February 7, 1870, Alfred Adler was the second son and third child of six children of middle-class Hungarian-Jewish parents. he was born in Rudolfsheim, Austria, a small village near Vienna. whereas Freud grew up in a district that was mostly Jewish, Adler's neighborhood was ethnically mixed. He identified more with Vienna than with Jewish culture. He did not concern himself in his writing with anti-Semitism and later as an adult converted to Protestantism (Bottom, 1939; Ellenberger, 1970; Oberst & Stewart, 2003).

In collaboration with Sigmund Freud and a small group of Freud's colleagues, Adler was among the co-founders of the psychoanalytic movement as a core member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. He was the first major figure to break away from psychoanalysis to form an independent school ofpsychotherapy and personality theory.^[2] This was after Freud declared Adler's ideas as too contrary, leading to an ultimatum to all members of the Society (which Freud had shepherded) to drop Adler or be expelled, disavowing the right to dissent (Makari, 2008). Following this split, Adler would come to have an enormous, independent effect on the disciplines of counseling and psychotherapy as they developed over the course of the 20th century (Ellenberger, 1970). He influenced notable figures in subsequent schools of psychotherapy such as Rollo May, Viktor Frankl, Abraham Maslow and Albert Ellis.^[3] His writings preceded, and were at times surprisingly consistent with, later neo-Freudian insights such as those evidenced in the works of Otto Rank, Karen Horney,Harry Stack Sullivan and Erich Fromm.

Adler emphasized the importance of equality in preventing various forms of psychopathology, and espoused the development of social interest and democratic family structures for raising children.^[4] His most famous concept is the inferiority complex which speaks to the problem of self-esteem and its negative effects on human health (e.g. sometimes producing a paradoxical superiority striving). His emphasis on power dynamics is rooted in the philosophy of Nietzsche, whose works were published a few decades before Adler's. However, Adler's conceptualization of the "Will to Power" focuses on the individual's creative power to change for the better.^[5] Adler argued for holism, viewing the individual holistically rather than reductively, the latter being the dominant lens for viewing human psychology. Adler was also among the first in psychology to argue in favor of feminism making the case that power dynamics between men and women (and associations with masculinity and femininity) are crucial to understanding human psychology (Connell, 1995). Adler is considered, along with Freud and Jung, to be one of the three founding figures of depth psychology, which emphasizes the unconscious and psychodynamics (Ellenberger, 1970; Ehrenwald, 1991).

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